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The Custody of the Holy Land (Latin: Custodia Terræ Sanctæ) is a custodian priory of the Franciscan order in Jerusalem. It is particularly attributed on behalf of the Catholic Church to guard "the grace of the Holy Places" of the Holy Land and the rest of the Middle East, "sanctified by the presence of Jesus",〔http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/san/TSsanct.html〕 as well as the pilgrims visiting them.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The role of the Custos for the Holy Land )〕 It was founded as a ''Province of the Holy Land'' by a General Chapter in 1217 by Saint Francis of Assisi, who also founded the Franciscan Order. The ''Custodial Curia'' is lead by a ''Custos'', currently Italian Fr. Pierbattista Pizzaballa, OFM, appointed in 2004 by the General Definitorium of the Franciscan Order with the approval of the Holy See in the Vatican, Rome, Italy.〔 Its headquarters are located in the Monastery of Saint Saviour, a 16th-century Franciscan monastery near the New Gate in the Old City of Jerusalem in Jerusalem, Israel. The Franciscan presence in the Holy Land traces back to 1217 with Frater Elias of Cortona as Minister. By 1229, the friars had a small house near the fifth station of the Via Dolorosa. In 1272, Sultan Baibars of Egypt permitted the Franciscans to settle in the Cenacle on Mount Zion. The Custodian subsequently came to be described as the ''"Guardian of Mount Zion in Jerusalem"''. In 1309, they also settled in the Holy Sepulchre and in Bethlehem. In 1342, the Franciscans were officially declared custodians of the Holy Places in the name of the Catholic Church by the Papal bulls ''Gratiam agimus'' and ''Nuper charissimae'' of Pope Clement VI. After the fall of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1291, the Custody came to hold the title of Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem ''ex officio'' in Rome until its residential restoration in 1847, while also surveiling the Order of the Holy Sepulchre 1342-1489 until its Grand Master office was vested in the papacy. Following the restoration of Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem as residential episcopal see in the Holy Land in 1847, the Patriarch henceforth additionally assumed the position of the order's ecclesiastical superior, eventually supplanting the Custody of the Holy land as Grand Prior of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. The Custody of the Holy land has repeatedly expressed concern about the survival of the Christians in the Holy Land, including the tense situation for Christians in the rest of the Middle East.〔(Middle East Christians must be courageous, open, says Franciscan custos )〕 ==History== An online history, (The Franciscan Presence in the Holy Land ), has been prepared by the current Custodian, Fr. Pierbattista Pizzaballa, OFM. The Franciscan presence in the Holy Land started in 1217, when the province of Syria was established, with Brother Elias as Minister. By 1229, the friars had a small house near the fifth station of the Via Dolorosa. In 1272 the Sultan Baibars allowed the Franciscans to settle in the Cenacle (also called the Upper Room) on Mount Sion. Later on, in 1309, they also settled in the Holy Sepulchre and in Bethlehem. In 1333, King Robert d'Angiò of Naples, and his wife, Sancia di Maiorca, bought the Cenacle from the Sultan of Egypt and gave it to the Franciscans. In 1342, Pope Clement VI, by the Papal bulls ''Gratiam agimus'' and ''Nuper charissimae'' declared the Franciscans as the official custodians of the Holy Places in the name of the Catholic Church.〔(The Bull of Clement VI (1342) )〕 A portion reads:
The Custodian was described as the "Guardian of Mount Zion in Jerusalem". Between 1342 and 1489, the Custodian was the head of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre and held the ''ex officio'' title of Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. From 1374, he was based at the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura in Rome. In 1489, Pope Innocent VIII suppressed the Order of the Holy Sepulchre and ruled that it was to be merged with the Knights Hospitaller. In 1496, Pope Alexander VI, restored the Order of Holy Sepulchre to independent status, but the Custodian ceased to be the head of the Order. Instead, a Grand Master of the Order was created, and the office vested in the papacy. The Custodian continued to act as the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem ''ex officio'' until 1830, and by being appointed to both offices until 1905. The office of Grand Master remained vested in the papacy until 1949.〔(Official website page 1 )〕 On 29 August 2011, Archbishop Edwin Frederick O'Brien was appointed by Pope Benedict XVI Grand Master to succeed Cardinal John Patrick Foley, who resigned the office on 24 February 2011 due to ill health. The Order is a member of many international bodies and has observer status at others (such as the United Nations). The Grand Master is a papal viceroy who assists Vatican diplomacy with procedural support for making motions, proposing amendments and requiring votes in the sphere of international diplomacy. Franciscan friars cared for the Cenacle, restoring also the building with Gothic vaults, until 1552 when the Turks captured Jerusalem and banished all Christians. After the Franciscan friars' eviction, the Cenacle was transformed into a mosque. Christians were not allowed to use the room for prayer until the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. In 1623, the Latin Province of the Holy Land was split into a number of smaller entities, called Custodies - creating Custodies of Cyprus, Syria, and the Holy Land proper. The Custody of the Holy Land included the monasteries of Saint-Jean-d'Acre, Antioch, Sidon, Tyre, Jerusalem and Jaffa. In 1847, a resident Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem was restored in the Holy Land, together with the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. The Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem became the ecclesiastical superior of the Order, and eventually assumed the title Grand Prior, supplanting the Custodian. The office of Grand Master still remained vested in the papacy. In 1937, Alberto Gori was appointed Custodian of the Holy Land, an office he would occupy until 1949, when he was appointed Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, an office he held until 1970. In Gori's reports to the Vatican in the 1940s, he was critical of Jewish and later Israeli forces, whom he accused of destruction of holy places.〔 Despite repeated Israeli assurances that Israel will guarantee freedom of religion and safeguard the Holy Places of all religions, Pius XII issued several encyclicals expressing concerns about the holy places as well as access.〔E.g., ''Auspicia quaedam'' of 1 May 1948, two weeks before the end of the British Mandate; ''In multiplicibus curis'' on 24 October 1948; and ''Redemptoris nostri cruciatus'' of 15 April 1949.〕 In 1949, at the time of appointing Gori to the office of Latin Patriarch, Pope Pius XII also relinquished the title of Grand Master.〔(Official website page 2 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Custody of the Holy Land」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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